Table of Contents

Title Page

List of contributors

Chapter 1: Climate adaptation governance in cities and regions: framework conditions, theoretical concepts and research questions
1. The need for transformational climate change adaptation
2. Transformation towards climate-resilient systems
3. Understanding of governance
4. Governance modes and instruments
5. The need for governance arrangements for climate change adaptation
6. Climate adaptation governance in cities and regions
7. Chapter overview
8. Acknowledgements
9. References

Part I: Theoretical basis

Chapter 2: Applying social resilience concepts and indicators to support climate adaptation in tropical North Queensland, Australia
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical foundations: social resilience and climate change adaptation
3. Methods and approaches
4. A hybrid approach to applying resilience indicators
5. Results for the tropical NQ resilience assessment
6. Wet tropics subregion
7. Northern Gulf subregion
8. Cape York Peninsula subregion
9. Torres Strait subregion
10. Emerging strategic directions for the TNQ region
11. Overall summary and conclusions
12. Acknowledgements
13. References
Chapter 3: Spatial planning to promote urban resilience in coping with climate change and flooding: exploring two cases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
1. Introduction
2. Planning characteristics in promoting urban resilience
3. Empirical study: two cases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
4. Assessing planning characteristics in promoting urban resilience
5. Conclusion
6. References
Chapter 4: Adaptation to climate change and participatory action research (PAR): lessons from municipalities in Quebec, Canada
1. Introduction
2. How coastal communities have to deal with climate change?
3. Governance in coastal social–ecological system
4. The importance of governance in climate change adaptation and resilience planning
5. Governance and participative action research (PAR)
6. Methodology
7. How was PAR implemented?
8. How was governance improved through the process?
9. What are the barriers to improving governance?
10. Conclusion
11. Acknowledgements
12. References
Chapter 5: Generating narratives on future risk to inform regional climate change adaptation planning
1. Introduction
2. Knowledge for climate change adaptation
3. Regional natural resource management
4. Human mobility as climate change adaptation in Asia
5. Research to inform regional resilience
6. Conclusion
7. References
Chapter 6: Advancing climate change adaptation and climate risk understanding through intervention research: case studies from Brazil and Australia
1. Introduction
2. Intervention research for climate change adaptation
3. Research approach and context
4. The São Paulo Project
5. The North Queensland Project
6. Advancing the ability to learn and adapt through intervention research
7. Conclusion
8. Acknowledgements
9. References
Chapter 7: Climate adaptation and the significance of different modes of local political leadership: views of Swedish local political leaders
1. Introduction
2. Method and material
3. Results and discussion
4. References

Part II: Hierarchical forms of coordination

Chapter 8: Regulating climate change adaptation, the case of surface water
1. Introduction
2. Flood risk and vulnerability
3. The political economy of urban development
4. Adaptation at the central level: three potential tools
5. Why regulate?
6. The regulatory outcome that reduces vulnerability
7. How to ensure the vulnerability reducing regulatory outcome?
8. Conclusion
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
Chapter 9: Climate adaptation governance – theory, concepts, and praxis in cities and regions. The role of climate and water governance in supporting climate change adaptation processes
1. Introduction
2. Climate governance
3. Adaptive governance and law
4. The property interest in water
5. Building adaptive water governance through policies and programs
6. Conclusion
7. References
Chapter 10: Climate problem and territorial governance: an overview of adaptation initiatives at the French regional level
1. Introduction
2. Local and regional governance and adaptation to climate change: framing the context
3. Is local action a suitable response to a difficult issue?
4. Varied and uncertain impacts
5. The need for a territorial approach to adaptation
6. Adaptation issues in the Regional Climate-Air-Energy Plans: between national top-down approach and regional dynamics
7. Recent regional concerns on the subject of adaptation
8. First regional adaptation strategies under experimental local governance
9. Content associated with climate-change adaptation: imitation rationales and regional variation
10. Themes, sectors and effects related to CCA in the first regional climate policies
11. The beginnings of building up strategic adaptation
12. Conclusions
13. References
Chapter 11: Regional rescaling in adaptation governance: from agency to collaborative control in flood management in England?
1. Introduction
2. Flood management in England: an historical overview
3. Rescaling in practice: the Anglian (Eastern) and South West RFCCs
4. Collaboration or agency control?
5. Conclusions
6. Acknowledgements
7. References
Chapter 12: From case studies to policy-making: adapting to climate change in Lithuania
1. Introduction – climate adaptation on local, regional and national levels
2. Multi-level governance of climate adaptation exemplified by Lithuania
3. Learning from local and regional climate adaptation projects in Lithuania
4. The impact of local and regional climate adaptation projects on the Lithuanian Climate Change Strategy
5. Conclusions and outlook
6. References
Chapter 13: The rise and fall of climate adaptation governance on the Gold Coast, Australia
1. Introduction
2. A snapshot of the Gold Coast
3. Hierarchical government
4. The rise of adaptation responses up to 2012
5. The decline of responses post-2012
6. Why the decline?
7. From government to governance: the community steps up
8. Conclusions
9. References
Chapter 14: Climate change adaptation in private real estate development: essential concepts about development for feasible research, regulation and governance
1. Introduction
2. Contribution and significance of private sector development to climate change
3. A broader sector-wide, whole-of-process perspective
4. Key roles in development: risk, capital and the developer
5. Capital
6. Identifying the developer: the risk managers
7. Role of information
8. The development industry comprises a very heterogeneous collection of development firms
9. Temporal structural dynamism
10. Negotiating the risk landscape and responding to regulation
11. Conclusions
12. References
Chapter 15: Pro-poor climate change adaptation in Zambia
1. Introduction
2. The Participatory Climate Change Asset Adaptation and the Rapid Risk and Institutional Appraisal (RRIA) as conceptual frameworks for climate change adaptation
3. Climate change adaptation and institutions in Lusaka – a case study
4. Conclusion: the PCCAA and RRIA in sub-Saharan African Cities from a Zambian context
5. References

Part III: Informal and corporative forms of coordination

Chapter 16: Climate change adaptation through hierarchies and networks in the city of Bergen
1. Introduction
2. Bergen: exposed, robust and vulnerable
3. Why is climate change adaptation on the agenda in Bergen?
4. Adaptation through hierarchies and networks
5. Adaptation within the hierarchical structure
6. Adaptation through networks
7. Does the mix of hierarchy and network lead to good adaptation?
8. References
Chapter 17: Influence of citizens and stakeholders in shaping adaptation policy – opportunities and barriers
1. Introduction
2. Participation in planning
3. Data and method
4. Case-study location
5. The participatory process
6. Development of the adaptation plan
7. National requirements to the adaptation plan
8. Tangible impact of the participatory process in the adaptation plan
9. Controversial issues
10. Barriers related to adaptation and the participatory processes
11. The economic assessment
12. Conclusions
13. References
Chapter 18: Public participation in the governance of metropolitan scale climate adaptation: panacea or problem?
1. Introduction
2. The role and purpose of public participation in metropolitan scale adaptation planning
3. South East Queensland: cases of public participation in climate adaptation governance
4. Conclusions
5. References
Chapter 19: Governance for (climate) change in American “Legacy” cities: a case study of Cleveland
1. Legacy cities
2. Governance in Legacy cities
3. Vibrant NEO 2040
4. Conclusions: the governance–climate change nexus
5. References
Chapter 20: Governance of climate change adaptation on Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
1. Small Island Developing States and climate change adaptation
2. Power
3. Conflict/cooperation
4. Conclusions: supranational and local governance
5. References
Chapter 21: Adaptation in small coastal towns in Australia
1. Introduction
2. Drawing from the literature
3. Overview of the research method
4. Findings
5. Discussion
6. Recommendations and conclusions
7. Acknowledgements
8. References
Chapter 22: Transnational learning for climate change adaptation in the Baltic Sea Region
1. Introduction
2. Transnational and institutional learning
3. Analyzing transnational learning
4. Transnational learning for climate adaptation in BaltCICA
5. How did project partners learn from each other?
6. Who learned from whom?
7. What did partners learn from each other?
8. Outcomes of learning processes: individual learning to institutional learning
9. Conclusion: added value of transnational learning in the Baltic Sea Region
10. References

Part IV: Findings of Climate Change Adaptation in Cities and Regions

Chapter 23: Climate adaptation governance in cities and regions between hierarchical steering and network cooperation: findings from theoretical considerations and international practice
1. Climate adaptation – dealing with varying challenges and contexts in cities and regions
2. Directing local and regional adaptation through strategies and plans
3. Resilience as guiding concept for climate adaptation governance
4. Role(s) of regions in climate adaptation governance
5. Climate adaptation governance between hierarchy and networks
6. The role of knowledge and science in climate adaptation
7. Participation and cooperation in climate adaptation
8. The need for transformational climate change adaptation
9. Considerations about future research on climate adaptation governance in cities and regions
10. References
Index

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List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Climate adaptation governance in cities and regions: framework conditions, theoretical concepts and research questions

Figure 1.1 Managing risks from climate change impacts (IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2014a: 26).
Figure 1.2 Planning cycle for climate adaptation (EEA (European Environment Agency), 2012: 74).

Chapter 2: Applying social resilience concepts and indicators to support climate adaptation in tropical North Queensland, Australia

Figure 2.1 Four processes associated with climate adaptation planning and decision-making currently informed by social resilience benchmarks developed in TNQ.
Figure 2.2 Overall social resilience index ratings for all TNQ subregions 2013. Note: Both X and Y axes reflect a resilience rating scale that represents an additive rating range of 1–5 per attribute within each cluster (based on Dale et al. 2011). A higher index rating in each attribute cluster represents high levels of social resilience. (See insert for color representation of this figure).

Chapter 3: Spatial planning to promote urban resilience in coping with climate change and flooding: exploring two cases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Figure 3.1 Assessing local decision-making in the case of Meinong.⁴ (See insert for color representation of this figure).
Figure 3.2 Assessing local decision-making in the case of Kaohsiung city centre.⁵ (See insert for color representation of this figure).

Chapter 4: Adaptation to climate change and participatory action research (PAR): lessons from municipalities in Quebec, Canada

Figure 4.1 Community resilience capacity building tool diagram used in the CCC-CURA (Vasseur, 2012). (See insert for color representation of this figure).

Chapter 5: Generating narratives on future risk to inform regional climate change adaptation planning

Figure 5.1 Summary of vulnerability analyses for NRM in the AMLR.
Figure 5.2 Location of hotspots in Southeast Asia likely to be affected by sea-level rise, storm surges, cyclones and typhoons, riparian flooding and water stress.

Chapter 6: Advancing climate change adaptation and climate risk understanding through intervention research: case studies from Brazil and Australia

Figure 6.1 Conceptual model illustrating the relationship between intervention research and the adaptive capacity process.
Figure 6.2 Framework linking intervention research and the development of policies to enhance adaptive capacity. (See insert for color representation of this figure).

Chapter 12: From case studies to policy-making: adapting to climate change in Lithuania

Figure 12.1 MLG types: type I – nested MLG (a) and type II – polycentric MLG (b) (under Bulkeley et al., 2003; type I-nested MLG adapted from Fairbrass and Jordan, 2001).
Figure 12.2 Sectorial approach in the National Strategy for Climate Change Management Policy in Lithuania (Ministry of Environment, 2012).
Figure 12.3 Stakeholder mapping in Lithuania under the BaltCICA project activities in Panevėžys district Target Area (Ministry of Agriculture, 2012).
Figure 12.4 Legitimation mechanism scheme of climate change adaptation process in local and regional communities developed according to the experience from the BaltCICA project.
Figure 12.5 Involvement of climate change adaptation experience from local and regional level (darker ellipse) in the preparation process of the National Strategy for Climate Change Management Policy (NSCCMP) in Lithuania: Action level (solid line shaped rectangular) – govern body; Implementation level (square dot shaped rectangles) – executive bodies; Legitimation level (ellipses) – different actors and actions. Dot shaped arrows represent information flows from Legitimation to Implementation levels; and, solid arrows represent collaboration between executive and govern bodies.
Figure 12.6 Involvement of Reaction level as a feedback to Action level in the NSCCMP process in Lithuania.

Chapter 16: Climate change adaptation through hierarchies and networks in the city of Bergen

Figure 16.1 Climate adaptation within the hierarchical structure of the City of Bergen.

Chapter 17: Influence of citizens and stakeholders in shaping adaptation policy – opportunities and barriers

Figure 17.1 Participatory plan development process in Kalundborg. (See insert for color representation of this figure).
Figure 17.2 Climate risk map of Kalundborg's climate adaptation plan. (Source: Reproduced with permission of Kalundborg Municipality.) (See insert for color representation of this figure).

Chapter 19: Governance for (climate) change in American “Legacy” cities: a case study of Cleveland

Figure 19.1 Legacy cities identified by the American Assembly (2013). (See insert for color representation of this figure).
Figure 19.2 Four scenarios for the Northeast Ohio region in 2040 (Vibrant NEO 2040 Final Report).

Chapter 21: Adaptation in small coastal towns in Australia

Figure 21.1 Structures to facilitate adaptation.

Chapter 22: Transnational learning for climate change adaptation in the Baltic Sea Region

Figure 22.1 Transnational learning, individual learning, and institutional learning.
Figure 22.2 Different patterns of transnational learning within the BaltCICA project (solid line, explicit learning; dotted line, implicit learning/cooperation). (a) Theory and methodology; (b) methods and good practice; (c) models and data; (d) knowledge, experience, and good practice; (e) expertise and measures; and (f) ideas and visions.

List of Tables

Chapter 2: Applying social resilience concepts and indicators to support climate adaptation in tropical North Queensland, Australia

Table 2.1 Four basic clusters of social resilience attributes at regional scale
Table 2.2 Preliminary and possible cross-regional strategic responses emerging from the subregional resilience analysis

Chapter 3: Spatial planning to promote urban resilience in coping with climate change and flooding: exploring two cases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Table 3.1 Summary of studies characterising planning relevant to urban resilience
Table 3.2 Summary of the characteristics of planning decision-making especially relevant to promote urban resilience

Chapter 4: Adaptation to climate change and participatory action research (PAR): lessons from municipalities in Quebec, Canada

Table 4.1 List of the three most important issues listed in Maria and Bonaventure, in 2013, using the MEGF

Chapter 5: Generating narratives on future risk to inform regional climate change adaptation planning

Table 5.1 Significant elements of the regional climate change adaptation case studies
Table 5.2 Sources consulted in delimiting hot spots of climate change impact in Southeast Asia

Chapter 6: Advancing climate change adaptation and climate risk understanding through intervention research: case studies from Brazil and Australia

Table 6.1 Examples of types of knowledge generated in the two intervention research projects

Chapter 10: Climate problem and territorial governance: an overview of adaptation initiatives at the French regional level

Table 10.1 Quantitative increase in the number of Regional Climate-Energy Plans (PCET)
Table 10.2 Comparison of themes and sectors called up in the adaptation section of agreed Climate-Air-Energy Regional Plans
Table 10.3 Main contents associated with the six recurrent adaptation themes of regional climate-air-energy plans (SRCAE)

Chapter 11: Regional rescaling in adaptation governance: from agency to collaborative control in flood management in England?

Table 11.1 List of RFCC interviewees

Chapter 13: The rise and fall of climate adaptation governance on the Gold Coast, Australia

Table 13.1 Key climate change polices and plans affecting the Gold Coast.^a

Chapter 15: Pro-poor climate change adaptation in Zambia

Table 15.1 Listing and ranking of weather in the study sites
Table 15.2 A summary of household, business and community asset vulnerability to severe weather in Kalingalinga and Linda compounds
Table 15.3 Listing and ranking of important household assets for adapting to severe weather conditions in the two study sites
Table 15.4 Matrix of focus groups with household asset adaptation strategies in the study sites
Table 15.5 Selected legislative instruments and policies with implications for climate change adaptation in Lusaka

Chapter 18: Public participation in the governance of metropolitan scale climate adaptation: panacea or problem?

Table 18.1 Participation in adaptation policy governance

Chapter 20: Governance of climate change adaptation on Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

Table 20.1 SIDS regional, national and subnational governance systems in a comparative framework for CCA and climate-related hazards

Chapter 22: Transnational learning for climate change adaptation in the Baltic Sea Region

Table 22.1 Main structure of the workshop sessions
Table 22.2 Common challenges and topics on which learning took place

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List of contributors

Hurriyet Babacan
The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia

Douglas K. Bardsley
Geography, Environment and Population, School of Social Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Bjørn Bedsted
The Danish Board of Technology (DBT), Copenhagen, Denmark

David Benson
Environment and Sustainability Institute and Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK

François Bertrand
UMR CITERES 7324, Université de Tours (France)/CNRS, Tours, France

Helen Boon
College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

Paul Burton
Urban Research Program, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia

Darryl Low Choy
Urban Research Program, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia

Andreas Hastrup Clemmensen
The Danish Board of Technology (DBT), Copenhagen, Denmark

Eddo Coiacetto
Griffith School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia

Hadrian Cook
School of Natural and Built Environments, Kingston University, London, UK

Alison Cottrell
Centre for Disaster Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

Charlotte DaCunha
Department of Economic Sciences, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines Versailles, France

Allan Patrick Dale
The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia

Aysin Dedekorkut-Howes
Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia

Harry Diaz
Department of Sociology and Social Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

Lucia Costa Ferreira
Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

Gabriela Marques Di Giulio
School of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Margaret Gooch
The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia

Søren Gram
The Danish Board of Technology (DBT), Copenhagen, Denmark

Kari Johanne Hjeltnes
Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Oslo, Norway

Mattias Hjerpe
Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Michael Howes
Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia

Graeme J. Hugo
Geography, Environment and Population, School of Social Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Margot A. Hurlbert
Department of Justice Studies and Department of Sociology and Social Studies, CL 235, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

Sanda Kaufman
Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Justas Kažys
Department of Hydrology and Climatology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Ilan Kelman
Institute for Risk & Disaster Reduction and Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo, Norway

David King
Centre for Disaster Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

Jan Erling Klausen
Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Norway

Katharina Klindworth
Institute for Urban Planning and Regional Development, HafenCity University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Jörg Knieling
Institute for Urban Planning and Regional Development, HafenCity University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Ove Langeland
Department of Regional Development, Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway.

Corinne Larrue
UMR CITERES 7324, Université de Tours (France)/CNRS, Tours, France
Spatial Planning, Institut d'Urbanisme de Paris, Université de Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France

Walter Leal Filho
International Climate Change Information Programme, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany

Irene Lorenzoni
Science, Society and Sustainability (3S) Research Group, and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

Peiwen Lu
Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Johanna Nalau
Griffith Institute for Tourism and Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia

Julija Naujėkaitė
Department of Sociology of Law, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Institute of Public Administration, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Petina Pert
CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Cairns, QLD, Australia

Steve Plante
Département Sociétés, Territoires et Développement, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada

Ruth Potts
Faculty of the Built Environment and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Trude Rauken
CICERO – Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, Norway

Elsa Richard
UMR CITERES 7324, Université de Tours (France)/CNRS, Tours, France

Egidijus Rimkus
Department of Hydrology and Climatology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Silvia Serrao-Neumann
Urban Research Program, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia

Stefanie Lange Scherbenske
Nordregio, Stockholm, Sweden

Danny Simatele
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of The Witwatersrand and Wits Siyakhana Initiative for Ecological Health and Food Security, Johannesburg, South Africa

Janet Stanley
Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Bob Stevenson
The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia

Sofie Storbjörk
Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Liette Vasseur
Department of Biological Sciences Environmental Sustainability Research Centre Women and Gender Studies Program, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada

Karen Vella
Faculty of the Built Environment and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Bronwyn Voyce
Faculty of the Built Environment and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Lisa Van Well
Department of Land Use Planning and Climate Adaptation, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Marte Winsvold
Department of politics, democracy and civil society, Institute for Social Research, Oslo, Norway.

Nathanael D. Wiseman
Geography, Environment and Population, School of Social Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Climate Adaptation Governance in Cities and Regions

Theoretical Fundamentals and Practical Evidence

List of contributors